How can the outcome be so different for identical twins? Environmental epigenetics may be one reason. Although the twins were born with the same DNA, throughout their lives they were exposed to different influences — for example, pesticides, viral infections, smoking, unhealthy foods or even traumatic experiences — that could have switched normal genes on or off, such as the tumor-suppressor genes responsible for shutting down cancer cells when they begin to grow.
That could affect the twins' individual risk for developing cancer. The DNA changes that caused the cancer cells to grow in the first place make the cells multiply too fast and cause them to behave abnormally. The cells are completely screwed up. This is true for ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL and other cancers. Demos Medical; Giridhar K expert opinion. Mayo Clinic. Siegel RL, et al. An assessment of progress in cancer control.
Van Everdingen MHJ, et al. Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. Common cancer myths and misconceptions. National Cancer Institute. Steele GS, et al. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and staging of testicular germ cell tumors. Lissoni P, et al. The personalization of cancer cure: Reality or illusion. Journal of Medical Oncology. Van Hemelrijck M, et al. Quantifying the transition from active surveillance to watchful waiting among men with very low-risk prostate cancer.
European Urology. See also Adjuvant therapy for cancer After a flood, are food and medicines safe to use? Alternative cancer treatments: 10 options to consider Atypical cells: Are they cancer? Advice for dealing with what comes next Cancer-related fatigue Cancer pain: Relief is possible Cancer-prevention strategies Cancer risk: What the numbers mean Cancer surgery Cancer survival rate Cancer survivors: Care for your body after treatment Cancer survivors: Late effects of cancer treatment Cancer survivors: Managing your emotions after cancer treatment Cancer survivors: Reconnecting with loved ones after treatment Cancer treatment decisions: 5 steps to help you decide Cancer treatment for men: Possible sexual side effects Cancer treatment for women: Possible sexual side effects Cancer Vaccine Research Cellphones and cancer Chemo Targets Chemoembolization Chemotherapy Chemotherapy and hair loss: What to expect during treatment Chemotherapy and sex: Is sexual activity OK during treatment?
Chemotherapy nausea and vomiting: Prevention is best defense Chemotherapy side effects: A cause of heart disease? Curcumin: Can it slow cancer growth? Cancer-related diarrhea Eating during cancer treatment: Tips to make food tastier Fatigue Fertility preservation Get ready for possible side effects of chemotherapy Ginger for nausea: Does it work? Heart cancer: Is there such a thing? High-dose vitamin C: Can it kill cancer cells?
Honey: An effective cough remedy? Tumor vs. Show more related content. Instead, they become active partners with their medical support team in the fight for improvement, remission, or cure. This partnership must be based on honesty, open communication, shared responsibility, and education about the nature of the disease, therapy options, and rehabilitation. The result of this partnership is an increased ability to cope that, in turn, nurtures the will to live. Helping and Sharing with Others — A way to strengthen this partnership is to extend the relationship to others.
The emotional experience of sharing and enjoying your family and partnerships supports your love for life and your will to survive. As you make the transition from helpless victim to activist, one of the most important realizations is that you have everything to do with how others perceive you and treat you.
You are in charge. You can subtly and gently put your family, friends, and coworkers at ease by being frank about what you want to talk about or not talk about and by being explicit about whether and when you want their help. Sharing your life with others and receiving aid or support from friends and family will improve your ability to cope and help you fight for your life. A person who is lonely or alone often feels like a helpless victim.
There is a need to share your own problems, but helping others find solutions to or cope better with the problems of daily living gives strength to both the giver and the receiver.
There are few more satisfying experiences in life than helping a person in need. Patients can also take part in psychological support programs, either through private counseling or through group therapy.
Sharing frustrations with others in similar circumstances often relieves the sense of isolation, terror, and despair cancer patients often feel. Of all the ingredients in the will to live, hope is the most vital. Hope is the emotional and mental state that motivates you to keep on living, to accomplish things, and to succeed. A person who lacks hope can give up on life and lose the will to live. Without hope, there is little to live for.
But with hope, a positive attitude can be maintained, determination strengthened, coping skills sharpened, and love and support more freely given and received. Even if a diagnosis is such that the future seems limited, hope must be maintained. Hope is what people have to live on. Take away hope, and you take away a chance for the future, which leads to depression. When people fall to that low emotional state, their bodies simply turn off.
Hope can be maintained as long as there is even a remote chance for survival. It can be kindled and nurtured by minor improvements or a remission and maintained when crises or reversals occur. There may be times when you will feel exhausted and drained by never-ending problems and feel ready to give up the struggle to survive. All too often it seems easier to give up than to keep on fighting.
Frustrations and despair can sometimes feel overwhelming. Determination or dogged persistence is needed to accomplish the difficult task of fighting for your health. The experience of cancer not only is destructive in a physical way, but can be a major deterrent to your fighting attitude and will to live.
But even during the roughest times, there are often untapped reserves of physical and emotional strength to call upon to help you survive one more day. Cancer survival rates have doubled in the last 40 years and continue to improve. Half of all people diagnosed with cancer in the UK in will survive their disease for 10 years or longer. Even if a potential silver bullet existed, it would take decades to test it on each type and stage of cancer.
This kind of testing requires vast amounts of money. What would the benefit of hiding a cure be? Big pharmaceutical companies invest billions in the development of new drugs.
The sheer scale of the operation would be mind-boggling. Think of the huge amount of people involved in the research and manufacturing of the drug.
Could that number of people really keep such a secret? Dr Robert Grimes published a great paper in which he studied the mathematical likelihood of conspiracy theories.
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